Overview
Ampicillin trihydrate is a semisynthetic penicillin-class antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. It is derived from the penicillin nucleus, 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The trihydrate form enhances its stability and solubility, making it suitable for oral and injectable formulations. Introduced in the 1960s, ampicillin trihydrate remains a cornerstone in treating infections caused by susceptible organisms. Its mechanism involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis. The compound is widely used in human medicine for respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal infections, as well as in veterinary applications.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Ampicillin trihydrate appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste. It is stable under normal storage conditions but degrades upon prolonged exposure to heat, light, or moisture. The compound exhibits good solubility in water (approximately 10 mg/mL at 25°C), facilitating its use in liquid formulations. The molecular structure includes a β-lactam ring, which is critical for its antibacterial activity. The trihydrate form provides improved stability compared to the anhydrous version, reducing the risk of degradation during storage. The melting point is around 200°C, though it typically decomposes at this temperature rather than melting cleanly.
Main Applications
Ampicillin trihydrate is primarily used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible strains, including respiratory tract infections (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia), urinary tract infections, and gastrointestinal infections (e.g., salmonellosis). It is also employed in prophylaxis for surgical infections and in combination therapies for more severe conditions. In veterinary medicine, it is commonly used to treat infections in livestock, poultry, and pets. The compound is often formulated as tablets, capsules, or injectable solutions. Its broad-spectrum activity and relatively low toxicity make it a versatile choice in both human and animal healthcare.
Safety and Storage
Ampicillin trihydrate should be handled with care to avoid allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with penicillin hypersensitivity. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and masks, is recommended when handling the powder to prevent inhalation or skin contact. Storage conditions are critical to maintaining the compound's efficacy. It should be kept in a cool (2-8°C), dry environment, protected from light and moisture. Bulk quantities should be stored in airtight containers with desiccants to prevent degradation. Always check for discoloration or clumping before use, as these may indicate compromised quality.
B2B Procurement Guide
When procuring ampicillin trihydrate in bulk, buyers should prioritize suppliers with certified pharmaceutical-grade manufacturing facilities. Key considerations include verifying the CAS number (7177-48-2), purity (typically ≥98%), and compliance with pharmacopeia standards (e.g., USP, EP). Request a Certificate of Analysis (COA) to confirm the product's specifications, including residual solvents and microbial limits. Pricing varies based on quantity and purity, with larger orders often qualifying for discounts. Ensure the supplier offers proper packaging (e.g., aluminum bags with desiccants) and reliable cold-chain logistics if required. Long-term agreements can help stabilize costs and supply.
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