Overview
β-Alanine is a naturally occurring β-amino acid with the chemical name 3-aminopropanoic acid. Unlike α-amino acids, its amino group is attached to the β-carbon. It is not incorporated into proteins but serves as a building block for carnosine, a dipeptide found in muscle tissue. β-Alanine is synthesized industrially via chemical processes or microbial fermentation. In the human body, β-alanine combines with histidine to form carnosine, which buffers acid in muscles during high-intensity exercise. This property has made it popular in sports nutrition. It is also used in pharmaceutical formulations and as an intermediate in organic synthesis.
Physical and Chemical Properties
β-Alanine appears as a white, odorless crystalline powder with a melting point around 207-210°C, where it decomposes rather than boiling. It is highly soluble in water (55 g/100 mL at 25°C) and slightly soluble in ethanol. The compound is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air, requiring airtight storage. Chemically, β-alanine is stable under normal conditions but may degrade when exposed to strong acids, bases, or oxidizing agents. Its pKa values are 3.55 (carboxyl group) and 10.24 (amino group), making it a zwitterion at physiological pH. These properties influence its reactivity and applications in buffering systems.
Main Applications
The primary use of β-alanine is in sports supplements, where it enhances endurance by increasing muscle carnosine levels. Clinical studies show it improves performance in high-intensity exercises lasting 1-4 minutes. It is often formulated with creatine or electrolytes for synergistic effects. In pharmaceuticals, β-alanine serves as an intermediate for drugs like pamidronate (for osteoporosis) and balsalazide (for colitis). It also has niche uses in cosmetics as a pH adjuster and in agriculture as a foliar nutrient. Research continues into its potential neuroprotective and anti-aging effects due to carnosine's antioxidant properties.
Safety and Storage
β-Alanine is classified as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the FDA for food use. Typical side effects include transient paresthesia (tingling) at doses above 800 mg, which is harmless but may concern consumers. No serious toxicity has been reported at recommended doses (2-5 g/day). Storage requires protection from humidity and temperatures exceeding 30°C to prevent caking. Bulk quantities are typically packed in polyethylene-lined woven bags or drums. For laboratory use, keep containers tightly sealed in a cool, ventilated area away from incompatible substances like strong oxidizers.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing β-alanine, prioritize suppliers with certifications like GMP, ISO 9001, or USP verification. Key specifications include purity (≥98%), heavy metal content (<10 ppm), and residual solvents (meeting ICH guidelines). Food-grade material should have microbiological testing reports. Pricing depends on order volume, with bulk purchases (≥1 ton) offering 15-30% discounts. China dominates production, but European/US suppliers may provide stricter quality documentation. Request samples for HPLC analysis and check lead times (typically 2-4 weeks for international shipments). Consider incoterms like CIF for smoother logistics.
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