Adenine[2]
Overview
Adenine is a fundamental organic compound classified as a purine nucleobase. It forms one of the four building blocks of DNA and RNA, pairing with thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA) via hydrogen bonds. Discovered in 1885 by Albrecht Kossel, adenine also serves as a component of ATP, NAD, and other vital cofactors. Industrially, adenine is synthesized chemically or extracted from yeast nucleic acids. Its derivatives, such as acyclovir and vidarabine, are widely used in antiviral medications. The compound’s stability and role in genetic coding make it indispensable in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Adenine appears as a white, odorless crystalline powder with a melting point of 360-365°C, though it typically decomposes at high temperatures. Its low solubility in water (1g/2000mL at 25°C) and insolubility in organic solvents like ethanol dictate specific handling protocols. Key chemical properties include UV absorption at 260 nm (useful for concentration measurement) and tautomerism between amino and imino forms. The compound exhibits weak basicity (pKa ~4.15) and forms stable salts with acids, which are often employed in drug formulations.
Main Applications
In pharmaceuticals, adenine is a precursor for antiviral and anticancer drugs, including vidarabine and fludarabine. It’s also used in immunosuppressants and treatments for rare metabolic disorders like adenosine deaminase deficiency. Biotechnology applications include PCR reagent formulations and synthetic biology. As a dietary supplement (Vitamin B4), adenine supports cellular metabolism, though its efficacy is debated. Recent research explores its potential in mRNA vaccine stabilizers and CRISPR gene-editing systems.
Safety and Storage
Adenine poses moderate hazards as a dust irritant (eyes, skin, respiratory tract). Laboratories should use gloves, goggles, and fume hoods during handling. While not classified as acutely toxic, prolonged exposure may cause organ irritation. Storage requires airtight containers under refrigeration (2-8°C) with desiccants to prevent hydrolysis. Shelf life typically exceeds 2 years when protected from moisture and UV light. Spills should be neutralized with dilute acetic acid and disposed of as chemical waste.
B2B Procurement Guide
Bulk buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 or cGMP certifications, especially for pharmaceutical-grade adenine (USP/EP standards). Key specifications include HPLC purity (≥98%), low heavy metal content (<10ppm), and microbiological testing. Pricing varies by quantity (discounts for 25kg+ orders) and purity. For research use, 1kg quantities average $100-$150, while industrial-scale purchases (100kg+) may cost $50-$80/kg. Consider regional logistics—China and India dominate production, but EU/US suppliers offer shorter lead times.