Overview
Acetyl Chloride (ACL) is a fundamental organic compound primarily employed as an acetylating agent in chemical synthesis. Its high reactivity stems from the chloride group, making it indispensable for introducing acetyl groups into molecules. Industrially produced via the reaction of acetic acid with chlorinating agents like thionyl chloride, it is a cornerstone in fine chemical manufacturing. Due to its hazardous nature, ACL is strictly handled under controlled conditions. Its applications span pharmaceuticals (e.g., aspirin synthesis), agrochemicals, and specialty polymers, where precise acyl group transfer is required.
Physical and Chemical Properties
ACL is a volatile, colorless liquid with a pungent odor, immediately reacting with water to form acetic acid and hydrochloric acid—a reaction that necessitates moisture-free handling. Its low boiling point (51°C) demands refrigeration during storage to prevent pressure buildup. The compound’s density (1.10 g/cm³) and solubility in organic solvents like ether facilitate its use in anhydrous reactions. Its corrosivity and tendency to release HCl gas require inert atmospheres (e.g., nitrogen) during transfers. Notably, ACL’s IR spectrum shows a strong C=O stretch at 1800 cm⁻¹, confirming its carbonyl reactivity.
Main Applications
In pharmaceuticals, ACL acetylates amines and alcohols to produce intermediates for drugs like paracetamol. It also synthesizes dyes (e.g., azo dyes) by acylating aromatic amines. The polymer industry uses it to modify cellulose (cellulose acetate) and synthesize ketene for coatings. Additionally, ACL derivatizes carboxylic acids for GC-MS analysis in labs. Its role in Friedel-Crafts acylation is critical for aromatic ketone production. Despite its utility, alternatives like acetic anhydride are preferred where milder conditions are needed.
Safety and Storage
ACL requires stringent safety measures: store in glass or PTFE-lined containers under dry nitrogen, with secondary containment to manage leaks. Exposure controls include fume hoods, nitrile gloves, and face shields, as contact causes severe burns. Spills must be neutralized with sodium bicarbonate before cleanup. Transport follows Class 8 (corrosive) regulations, with UN 1717 labeling. Facilities should maintain eyewash stations and HCl gas detectors. Shelf life is typically 12 months if stored properly, though discoloration indicates degradation.
B2B Procurement Guide
Bulk buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 certification and batch-specific COAs (Certificates of Analysis) verifying ≥98% purity. Key metrics include chloride content (<0.1%) and water content (<0.05%). Logistics require UN-approved packaging (e.g., amber glass bottles in steel drums) and climate-controlled transport. Regional regulations (e.g., REACH, TSCA) dictate documentation needs. Spot prices fluctuate with chlorine and acetic acid feedstock costs; long-term contracts may offer stability. Always audit supplier safety protocols and emergency response plans.
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