Overview
1,3-Butanediol is an organic compound belonging to the diol family, characterized by two hydroxyl groups on the first and third carbon atoms. It is produced industrially through catalytic hydrogenation of 3-hydroxybutyraldehyde or via fermentation processes. The compound's balanced hydrophilic-lipophilic properties make it particularly useful in formulations requiring moisture retention and solvent capabilities. As a GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) substance, 1,3-butanediol finds acceptance in food-contact applications and personal care products. Its production has seen increased interest due to growing demand for bio-based chemicals, with some manufacturers now offering plant-derived versions.
Physical and Chemical Properties
1,3-Butanediol presents as a colorless, odorless viscous liquid with excellent water solubility. Its viscosity of approximately 103 mPa·s at 25°C contributes to its performance in cosmetic formulations. The compound's relatively high boiling point (207-208°C) ensures thermal stability in various applications. Chemically, 1,3-butanediol demonstrates typical diol reactivity, participating in esterification, etherification, and polymerization reactions. Its freezing point of -50°C makes it suitable for low-temperature applications. The substance has a vapor pressure of 0.03 mmHg at 20°C, indicating low volatility under normal conditions.
Main Applications
In cosmetics, 1,3-butanediol serves as an effective humectant in skin care products, hair conditioners, and makeup formulations. Its moisture-binding properties help maintain product consistency while preventing water loss from skin. The pharmaceutical industry utilizes it as a solvent for active ingredients and as a carrier for topical medications. Industrial applications include use as a solvent for dyes and inks, a precursor for polyesters, and a component in antifreeze formulations. Emerging applications include use as a building block for bio-based plastics and as a fuel additive. In food processing, it may function as a carrier for flavors and food additives.
Safety and Storage
1,3-Butanediol is classified as low toxicity (LD50 oral rat >20 g/kg), but proper handling procedures should still be followed. Workers should use chemical-resistant gloves and eye protection when handling concentrated forms. Adequate ventilation is recommended to prevent vapor accumulation, though the compound's low volatility generally minimizes this risk. Storage should be in stainless steel, polyethylene, or other compatible containers away from strong oxidizers. The material is stable under normal conditions but may form explosive peroxides if contaminated and exposed to air over extended periods. Shelf life typically exceeds two years when stored properly in sealed containers.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing 1,3-butanediol, buyers should specify required purity levels (cosmetic grade typically ≥99%, industrial grade ≥98%). Bulk shipments (ISO tanks or flexitanks) offer cost advantages for large-volume users, while 200kg drums suit smaller operations. Key procurement considerations include verification of bio-based content (if required), residual solvent levels, and color specifications. Quality certifications to request include ISO 9001, Kosher, Halal (for specific markets), and REACH compliance documentation. Leading producing regions include China, Western Europe, and North America. Buyers should evaluate supplier capability to provide consistent quality, technical support, and regulatory documentation for their specific applications.