Overview
Sodium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with the formula NaClO. It has been used for over a century as a disinfectant and bleaching agent. In dilute form (3-6%), it's commonly known as household bleach. Industrial solutions may contain up to 15% active chlorine. The compound is produced by reacting chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide solution. Its antimicrobial properties make it valuable for water purification, surface disinfection, and wastewater treatment. As an oxidizing agent, it effectively destroys pathogens and removes stains or color from fabrics and paper products.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Sodium hypochlorite solutions are typically pale yellow to greenish in color with a characteristic chlorine odor. The compound is unstable, especially in concentrated forms or when exposed to heat, light, or metals. It decomposes to form salt, water, and oxygen. The solution's pH is typically alkaline (pH 11-13). Its disinfecting power comes from hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that forms when the solution dissolves in water. The concentration of active chlorine decreases over time, typically by 0.5-1% per month under proper storage conditions. Higher temperatures accelerate decomposition.
Main Applications
In water treatment, sodium hypochlorite is used for disinfection of drinking water, swimming pools, and wastewater. It effectively kills bacteria, viruses, and algae. The food industry uses it for sanitizing equipment and washing produce. Textile and paper industries employ sodium hypochlorite as a bleaching agent. Household applications include laundry bleaching, surface disinfection, and mold removal. Medical facilities use it for equipment sterilization and wound cleaning in dilute solutions. It's also a component in some denture cleaners and mouthwashes.
Safety and Storage
Sodium hypochlorite solutions are corrosive and can cause skin burns and eye damage. Proper PPE including gloves and eye protection should always be used. The chemical should be stored in plastic containers (HDPE recommended) away from acids, heat sources, and sunlight. Mixing with acids or ammonia produces toxic gases. Spills should be neutralized with sodium thiosulfate or sodium sulfite solutions. For large-scale storage, temperature-controlled environments below 25°C (77°F) are recommended to slow decomposition. Containers should not be completely sealed to allow gas release.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should specify required available chlorine content (typically 10-15% for bulk purchases). Verify stability additives for long-term storage needs. Transportation requires UN1791 hazard classification for solutions over 10% concentration. Consider on-site generation systems for large-volume users to reduce transportation costs and storage risks. Quality checks should include pH measurement (11-13) and active chlorine content verification. Bulk purchases often come with price breaks at 1,000-liter quantities or more. Regional suppliers are preferred to minimize transit time and decomposition.
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