4-Hydroxynonenal[2]
Overview
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a lipid peroxidation byproduct, primarily generated from the oxidation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid. It serves as a key biomarker for oxidative stress and is implicated in cellular damage and signaling pathways. Due to its electrophilic nature, 4-HNE reacts with nucleophilic sites in proteins, DNA, and lipids, altering their function. Its dual role—as a cytotoxic agent and a signaling molecule—makes it a focal point in studies of aging, inflammation, and metabolic diseases.
Physical and Chemical Properties
4-HNE is a colorless to pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a molecular weight of 156.22 g/mol. Its reactivity stems from the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde group, which readily forms adducts with thiols and amines. It is soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and DMSO but has limited solubility in water. Stability is a concern; 4-HNE degrades under light, heat, or prolonged exposure to oxygen, necessitating storage at -20°C under argon or nitrogen.
Main Applications
In biomedical research, 4-HNE is used to study oxidative stress mechanisms in diseases such as Alzheimer's, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. It helps elucidate how lipid peroxidation products contribute to pathology. Industrially, it finds niche applications in developing inhibitors or probes for studying redox biology. However, its primary use remains confined to laboratories due to its instability and toxicity.
Safety and Storage
4-HNE is hazardous upon inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Proper PPE (gloves, goggles, lab coats) and fume hoods are mandatory. Spills should be neutralized with sodium bisulfite. Long-term storage requires airtight containers under inert gas at -20°C, shielded from light. Solutions should be prepared fresh or aliquoted to minimize freeze-thaw cycles, which accelerate degradation.
B2B Procurement Guide
When sourcing 4-HNE, prioritize suppliers with analytical certificates (HPLC/GC-MS) confirming purity (typically ≥95%). Batch-specific COA is essential. Due to its sensitivity, opt for suppliers offering cold-chain shipping. Bulk purchases may require custom synthesis, impacting lead times. Compare prices across vendors, but prioritize reliability over cost for critical applications.
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