3-Dihydroxybutane
Overview
2,3-Butanediol is a four-carbon diol with significant industrial importance. As a chiral compound, it exists in three stereoisomeric forms: (2R,3R)-, (2S,3S)-, and meso- forms, each with distinct applications. The compound is naturally produced by some microorganisms during fermentation but is primarily manufactured synthetically for industrial use. Its versatility stems from having two hydroxyl groups that enable diverse chemical reactions, making it valuable as a building block in organic synthesis. The global market for 2,3-butanediol has grown steadily due to expanding applications in polymer production, personal care formulations, and as a platform chemical for bio-based products.
Physical and Chemical Properties
2,3-Butanediol is a hygroscopic liquid with moderate viscosity and a slightly sweet odor. The meso form has higher symmetry and consequently different physical properties compared to the chiral forms, including a higher melting point (34°C vs 19°C for racemic mixture). All forms exhibit excellent water solubility due to hydrogen bonding capacity. Chemically, it undergoes typical diol reactions including esterification, etherification, and dehydration. The compound shows good thermal stability below 150°C but may decompose at higher temperatures. Its vapor pressure is relatively low (0.5 mmHg at 20°C), reducing volatility concerns during handling. The pH of aqueous solutions is typically neutral to slightly acidic.
Main Applications
In the chemical industry, 2,3-butanediol serves as a precursor for synthetic rubber additives, plasticizers, and polyester resins. The food industry utilizes it as a humectant and solvent for flavor compounds. Pharmaceutical applications include its use as a chiral building block for drug synthesis and as an excipient in topical formulations. The compound's antifreeze properties make it valuable in coolant formulations, particularly where low toxicity is required. Emerging applications include bio-based production of butadiene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). In personal care products, it functions as a moisturizing agent and viscosity modifier in creams and lotions.
Safety and Storage
While 2,3-butanediol has low acute toxicity (LD50 oral rat >5000 mg/kg), proper handling procedures should be followed. Use chemical-resistant gloves and safety goggles to prevent eye and skin contact. Ensure adequate ventilation in storage areas to prevent vapor accumulation. Store in HDPE or stainless steel containers, away from strong oxidizers. The compound is not flammable but may decompose at high temperatures, producing acrid smoke. Shelf life typically exceeds two years when stored properly. Small spills should be absorbed with inert material and disposed of according to local regulations.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should specify required purity (typically 98-99.5%), stereoisomer form, and packaging needs (bulk drums, IBCs, or tankers). Technical grade suffices for most industrial applications, while pharmaceutical grades command premium pricing. Consider suppliers with ISO 9001 certification and batch analysis documentation. For international shipments, verify compliance with regional chemical regulations (REACH, TSCA, etc.). Just-in-time delivery may be preferable due to the compound's hygroscopic nature. Negotiate pricing based on volume commitments, with typical MOQs of 1 metric ton for bulk purchases. Sample testing is recommended when qualifying new suppliers.
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