Overview
1,2-Butanediol is a four-carbon diol with two hydroxyl groups positioned at the 1 and 2 carbon atoms. It is industrially produced via hydrolysis of 1,2-epoxybutane or through catalytic hydrogenation of butyraldehyde. The compound's balanced hydrophilicity and lipophilicity make it valuable across multiple sectors. As a bifunctional alcohol, it serves as a building block in polymer synthesis and a humectant in personal care products. Its low volatility and high solvency power contribute to its widespread adoption in specialty chemical formulations.
Physical and Chemical Properties
This glycol exhibits typical diol characteristics, including hydrogen bonding capability and thermal stability up to 200°C. Its viscosity (16 cP at 25°C) and refractive index (1.438) make it suitable for optical applications. The compound's freezing point depression properties are exploited in antifreeze blends. Chemically, 1,2-butanediol undergoes esterification, etherification, and oxidation reactions. It shows limited reactivity with strong bases but may form acetals with aldehydes. The material is stable under normal storage conditions but may absorb atmospheric moisture due to its hygroscopic nature.
Main Applications
In industrial settings, 1,2-butanediol functions as a solvent for resins, dyes, and inks, particularly where slow evaporation rates are required. The automotive sector utilizes it as a component in brake fluids and antifreeze formulations due to its low freezing point. The cosmetic industry employs this glycol as a viscosity modifier and moisturizer in creams and lotions. Pharmaceutical applications include its use as an excipient in topical preparations. Emerging uses include bio-based plasticizers for PVC and as a precursor for polyester polyols in polyurethane production.
Safety and Storage
Classified as a Category 4 substance under GHS (Harmful if swallowed), proper handling requires chemical-resistant gloves and eye protection. The LD50 (oral, rat) is 16,000 mg/kg, indicating low acute toxicity, but prolonged exposure may cause mild irritation. Storage recommendations include stainless steel or polyethylene containers with nitrogen blanket for long-term preservation. Bulk storage tanks should incorporate desiccant breathers to prevent moisture absorption. Compatibility checks are necessary when co-storing with strong oxidizing agents or acids.
B2B Procurement Guide
Industrial buyers should specify technical grade (typically 99% purity) or USP/Ph Eur grade for sensitive applications. Key purchasing considerations include batch consistency, residual solvent levels, and color specification (APHA ≤20). Major manufacturers supply in 200kg drums, 1000kg IBCs, or bulk tankers. Minimum order quantities commonly range from 500kg to 1 metric ton. Request COA, SDS, and REACH compliance documentation. Spot prices fluctuate with propylene feedstock costs, with contract pricing available for annual volumes exceeding 20 metric tons.
Related Manufacturers
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