1,4-Butanediol[2]

Updated: 2026-09-12

Overview

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a versatile industrial chemical primarily used as a solvent and raw material for polymer production. It is a colorless, viscous liquid with mild hygroscopic properties. BDO is synthesized via various methods, including hydrogenation of maleic anhydride or fermentation of sugars. Its dual hydroxyl groups make it a valuable intermediate in organic synthesis. BDO plays a critical role in manufacturing polyurethanes, spandex fibers, and biodegradable plastics. Its demand has grown steadily due to its applications in automotive, textile, and packaging industries. Regulatory approvals for food-contact and medical-grade BDO further expand its market potential.

Physical and Chemical Properties

BDO exhibits typical diol properties, including high solubility in polar solvents and reactivity with acids to form esters. Its boiling point (235°C) and melting point (20.1°C) make it suitable for processes requiring moderate temperature stability. The compound’s density (1.017 g/cm³) and viscosity are comparable to other glycols. BDO is hygroscopic, requiring airtight storage to prevent moisture absorption. It is flammable (flash point: 121°C) and forms explosive vapor-air mixtures at elevated temperatures. Its low toxicity (LD50 oral, rat: ~1,520 mg/kg) necessitates standard industrial safety protocols.

Main Applications

BDO’s largest application is in producing polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), an engineering plastic used in electrical components and automotive parts. It also serves as a precursor for tetrahydrofuran (THF), a solvent for PVC and pharmaceuticals. In textiles, BDO-derived spandex fibers provide elasticity to fabrics. Other uses include adhesives, coatings, and biodegradable polymers like polybutylene succinate (PBS). In pharmaceuticals, BDO is a solvent for drug formulations. Recent innovations explore its role in bio-based plastics and battery electrolytes.

Safety and Storage

BDO requires careful handling due to flammability and mild irritant properties. Storage tanks should be grounded to prevent static sparks, and containers must resist corrosion (stainless steel or polyethylene recommended). Ventilation systems should limit airborne concentrations below OSHA’s permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 ppm. Spills should be contained with inert absorbents and disposed of as hazardous waste. Personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves and goggles is mandatory during transfers. Compatibility checks are essential when mixing BDO with oxidizing agents or strong acids.

B2B Procurement Guide

B2B buyers should prioritize suppliers with ISO 9001 certification and batch-specific COAs (Certificates of Analysis). Key specifications include purity (≥99.5%), water content (<0.1%), and color (APHA <10). Bulk shipments (iso-tanks or drums) reduce costs for large-scale users. Regional regulations (e.g., REACH, TSCA) must be verified for compliance. Long-term contracts with price adjustment clauses mitigate market volatility. Sample testing is advised to confirm suitability for end-use applications.